Beijing Haiyitai Technology Co., Ltd.

Abstract: With the continuous development of socio-economy and science and technology, the distribution network has undergone a role transformation. The traditional one-way power supply service has been replaced by bidirectional energy flow service, effectively meeting the diverse electricity demands of society. With the advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the ubiquitous power IoT has begun to be applied in today's power system. This paper analyzes the application of the ubiquitous power IoT in the intelligent distribution system, hoping to provide a reference for related analysis and research.

Keywords: Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things; Intelligent Power Distribution System; Application. With the development of the times, the role of the power distribution network is undergoing a transformation: from a simple one-way power supply to complex bidirectional energy flow services, such as the integration of distributed generation and the satisfaction of diverse user demands. However, due to historical development constraints, the vast scale of the power distribution network makes it difficult to adapt to its new role immediately, especially in terms of information technology and automation levels, where there is considerable room for progress. Based on this, electric power enterprises are actively responding to the strategic goal of building a ubiquitous power Internet of Things. Its essence lies in taking Internet of Things technology as the core, fully incorporating elements such as artificial intelligence and big data analysis, to achieve information interconnection and sharing among various objects in all links from power production to power consumption, thereby realizing real-time perception and fine regulation of the operation status of the distribution network. However, research on the ubiquitous power Internet of Things is still immature, and its integration with the distribution network is in its infancy, requiring beneficial exploration.

1. Concept and Architecture of the Ubiquitous Power Internet of ThingsIn the current era of high electrification of society, promoting the upgrading of power grid informatization and intelligence has become a consensus among countries worldwide. Developed economies such as the United States, the European Union, Japan, and South Korea have all put forward relevant visions and work plans. China, as a major and powerful country in electricity, naturally occupies a position at the forefront of power grid development. Power companies' understanding of the ubiquitous power Internet of Things: fully connecting people, objects, equipment, etc. at the "source-grid-load" level to achieve ubiquitous perception, sharing massive data among generation, supply, and consumption through reliable communication and high-performance information processing, and ultimately realizing the integrated integration of "energy flow, information flow, and business flow" across the entire grid, providing an effective platform for value service enhancement.

For complex Internet of Things (IoT) systems that integrate multiple technical means such as IoT technology, big data technology, and database storage technology, the ubiquitous power IoT system exhibits distinct characteristics of interactive coupling among energy flow, information flow, and business flow. It can be divided into four architectural dimensions: perception layer, network layer, platform layer, and application layer.

1.1. Perception LayerVirtualization is a brand-new computing model that enables small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) users to browse applications using network-connected devices from any location, while the usage process is in a highly scalable data center where corporate computing resources can also be dynamically deployed for work and corporate data sharing. The computing is distributed across the company's vast distributed network computer system, rather than in their own computer systems or remote server devices. Therefore, the company's operating environment in large Internet data centers will be closer to the network, which requires the company to be able to migrate computing resources to actual applications as needed and use computer systems and database management systems according to requirements. When the power system encounters problems, cannot work normally, or malfunctions, massive amounts of information will be uploaded to the data center module, which places high demands on computer information processing capabilities. The hardware investment costs related to power system operations are also significant. However, due to virtualization, which makes it possible for supercomputing power to flow freely through the network, companies and individual users no longer need to invest in expensive hardware procurement costs, but can simply use the network to purchase or rent computing power. Power system operations can significantly save production costs, which is in line with building a resource-saving society.

1.2. Network LayerThe network layer is primarily used to ensure the overall quality of business communication services in the ubiquitous power Internet of Things (IoT). It is often divided into two types: internal private networks and interconnected private networks. Due to the varying communication distances and economic costs of different systems, the communication methods applicable to them also differ significantly. For example, in power communication systems, power line carrier and 230MHz wireless communication are the most common in the network layer. Considering the rapid development of 5G technology, communication methods centered around 5G technology have become the main development trend of the ubiquitous power IoT at this stage. Furthermore, as evident from the hacking attack on the Ukrainian power grid, security management for the network layer of the ubiquitous power IoT is often crucial to ensuring the operational stability of the entire smart distribution system. Therefore, it is generally necessary to rely on different types of communication protocols to effectively reduce the risk of internet attacks on the smart distribution system.

1.3. Platform Layer

The role of the platform layer in the ubiquitous power Internet is to enable the interactive integration of system data. Relying on big data storage and analysis technology, intelligent distribution system managers can effectively address the issue of fragmented information storage under traditional energy production models. This not only fundamentally eliminates the problem of information silos, but also enables real-time collection and organization of grid operation data through the construction of online information platforms and cloud data centers. Ultimately, it helps to ensure the scientific and rational decision-making for grid development, and promotes the rapid transformation of distribution system data processing modes with the help of power data sharing mechanisms.

1.4. Application LayerThe application layer represents the external manifestation of the transformation of the power system towards a hub-based, platform-based, and shared model. Its function lies in building various targeted application platforms based on massive grid operation data and user-side energy consumption big data, targeting grid operation businesses (such as intelligent operation and maintenance, energy settlement, distribution automation), user energy consumption businesses (such as personalized energy consumption recommendation, intelligent charging for electric vehicles, demand-side response), and integrated energy system operation businesses (such as coordinated planning, energy storage market), to achieve perceptual interaction between the grid and users as well as other energy systems.

2. Key Technologies of Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things in Intelligent Power Distribution Systems 2.1 Key Technologies Applied in the Perception Layer For the ubiquitous power Internet of Things, the main role of the perception layer is to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of system perception data. In the development process of modern intelligent power distribution systems, the monitoring objects of the perception layer are becoming increasingly diverse, and the monitoring data is becoming more complex. Therefore, based on the integrated development trend of the perception layer, further advancements should be made in perception layer technologies to meet the specific perception requirements of modern intelligent power distribution systems. For the research and development technology of new power Internet of Things devices, new perception devices should meet requirements in various aspects such as size, environment, and electromagnetic compatibility, and should align with the development characteristics of the power industry at the current stage as much as possible. For the deployment technology of underlying sensors, in addition to improving the deployment scheme to ensure full coverage monitoring of all equipment in the power distribution system, the application value of various sensors should be reasonably utilized under the guidance of deployment concepts such as spatial tetrahedral sensor node deployment, thereby enhancing the overall perception effect of the perception layer.

2.2 Key Technologies Applied to the Network LayerGiven the extensive and distributed nature of today's distribution networks, it would be challenging to fully deploy the network layer if designed according to traditional point-to-point communication methods. In the process of designing the network layer, a complementary approach combining wired and wireless modes should be employed, while emphasizing the implementation of all security defense measures.

Firstly, emphasis should be placed on the application of underlying ad hoc network and core communication network planning technologies, as the distribution communication system typically carries a large number of business transmission tasks, implying that the communication system needs to meet a wide range of QoS requirements. As the access objects in the communication system become increasingly diverse, the data volume and presentation dimensions of ubiquitous sensing information will experience an exponential increase. To effectively address this situation, it is necessary to make the routing strategy of the ad hoc network more "robust". In this way, the control and state variables of the underlying access network can be effectively guaranteed, thereby achieving timely transmission of massive amounts of information. In this process, based on the coupling relationship between the distribution network system and the communication system, and starting from the concept of topology, collaborative planning of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) can be carried out through network expansion-related algorithms.

2.3 Key Technologies at the Platform LayerData Fusion Technology. Due to the characteristics of massive data from ubiquitous sensing, which are multi-source, heterogeneous, and highly redundant, data fusion technology must be relied upon for preprocessing. Data Storage Management and Mining Analysis Technology. To cope with the real-time update and storage of massive data in the ubiquitous power IoT, strategies can be adopted: data compression methods based on the Hadoop platform; and using NoSQL technology for distributed storage management of actual data. To extract the value contained in big data, K-means clustering can be employed to analyze electricity usage behavior, and the Apriori algorithm can be used to identify the main causes of induced harmonics.

2.4 Key Technologies at the Application Layer For the application layer of the ubiquitous power Internet of Things, situational awareness technology and active optimization operation technology are crucial. Situational awareness technology analyzes big data from the distribution system to provide real-time early warning and response handling for various security risks in the smart distribution system. It can ensure the optimal operation of the distribution system based on the division of situational awareness into situational detection, situational understanding, and situational prediction. The application value of active optimization operation technology lies in decision adjustments from the user side perspective, such as adjusting power supply prices to enhance the economic benefits of power enterprises. This, in turn, ensures effective improvement in user satisfaction while ensuring the scientific and applicability of development decisions for the smart distribution system.